What we broker, in detail

We broker pyrolysis oil, from the Netherlands, across Europe and beyond: tyre-derived (TPO), plastic-derived (PPO) and biomass pyrolysis oil, into refiners, steam crackers, carbon black producers and industrial fuel users. On what actually decides a deal, it comes down to five numbers and one question. The numbers are chlorine, silicon, sulphur, water and metals. The question is whether your oil is legally a waste or a product, and it catches almost every newcomer. Send us the assay and the monthly tonnage and you will get a straight read, including when the answer is that you are not ready yet.

Answered on this page

• What is pyrolysis oil actually worth?
• Is pyrolysis oil a waste or a product?
• Why did my pyrolysis oil pass at load and fail on arrival?
• Is pyrolysis oil dangerous in storage?

We broker waste plastics into recyclers, chemical recyclers and pyrolysis plants across Europe and on export. On what decides it: a clean, repeatable bale with a moisture figure and actual photographs places quickly, and an unsorted mixed load at any price is now genuinely hard to move. On the rules, the export picture changed materially in 2026 and it changed hardest for the lower grades. Tell us what you have arising monthly and we will tell you where it realistically goes.

Answered on this page

• What happens to plastic waste exports after 2026?
• What does the export ban do to prices?
• Is chemical recycling a way around the sorting problem?
• What information does a buyer need before quoting on a bale?

We broker waste PET and rPET, from bales and flake through to food grade pellet. On what decides the grade: colour, contamination and the intrinsic viscosity, and the food contact route is a different conversation entirely with its own approvals. On volume, a clean single stream places far more easily than a larger mixed one, which is not what most sellers expect to hear.

Answered on this page

• What is intrinsic viscosity and why does every rPET buyer ask for it?
• Why does a few parts per million of PVC ruin a batch?
• Does post-industrial scrap count towards the PPWR targets?
• What IV is needed for bottle-grade rPET?

We broker vegetable and technical oils, with the emphasis on grades that sit outside the food chain: technical and non-food grades, acid oils, soapstock, PFAD, palm acid oil and distillers corn oil, alongside crude and refined palm, soy, rape, sunflower and corn oil. Most of what we place is heading into an oleochemical, feed or energy outlet rather than a food one, which changes the specification that matters and the buyer that pays best.

Answered on this page

• Why is my vegetable oil worth less in fuel than I expected?
• Can palm oil still be sold into European fuel?
• What is EUDR and does it affect my oil?
• What do buyers screen vegetable oil on?

We broker used cooking oil between collectors and aggregators on one side and FAME, HVO and SAF producers on the other, across Europe and on import parcels. UCO sits in Annex IX Part B of the Renewable Energy Directive, and that is where the value comes from. Which means the certificate and the traceability behind it are part of the product, not paperwork attached to it. On what that is worth in practice: a cargo whose chain of custody will not survive an audit is worth a fraction of one that will, and the gap is far wider than most sellers expect.

Answered on this page

• What ruins a load of used cooking oil?
• How much used cooking oil does a restaurant actually produce?
• How is UCO priced?
• What specification does UCO need to meet?

We broker animal fats and tallow across all three ABP categories into biodiesel, renewable diesel, oleochemical and, where the category permits, feed outlets. The first question is never the specification, it is the category under Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, because that decides which outlets are legally available at all. Only once that is settled do FFA, titre, moisture and impurities decide the price.

Answered on this page

• What is the difference between category 1, 2 and 3 animal fat?
• Why is category 3 tallow often worth less into fuel than category 1?
• What is titre and why does every buyer ask for it?
• Is category 1 material banned from use?

We broker POME oil, SBEO and SSAO into European producers. These are three different products from three different places, and they get confused constantly: POME oil comes off palm oil mill effluent, SBEO is recovered from spent bleaching earth, and SSAO is soapstock acid oil from caustic refining. On what decides the value: national classification, more than the specification does. The same parcel can be treated differently in two member states, and that difference is often worth more than anything you can change at the mill.

Answered on this page

• What is POME-FAD?
• What is the difference between SBEO and SSAO?
• How is soapstock turned into acid oil?
• What does pretreated or refined POME actually mean?

We broker FAME biodiesel between producers and blenders, traders and end users. On the standard: EN 14214 is the reference, and quoting EN 15940 instead tells a buyer immediately that you have the wrong product in mind. On what is actually traded, it is the ester plus the sustainability claim behind it: the same litres with and without a defensible chain of custody are two different products at two different prices.

Answered on this page

• What is the minimum ester content under EN 14214?
• What is the difference between UCOME, RME and TME?
• Why does CFPP cause so many rejected cargoes?
• Does double counting still apply to FAME in the EU?

We broker HVO renewable diesel, sustainable aviation fuel and bionaphtha between producers, oil majors, distributors, aviation fuel suppliers and petrochemical buyers. These are hydrotreated products, so the conversation is different from FAME: they are chemically drop-in, which means the specification is rarely the obstacle and the feedstock traceability, the certification chain and the mandate treatment are.

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• What is the difference between HVO, SAF and bio-naphtha?
• Which of the three is worth the most?
• Do these fuels need engine modifications?
• Can one plant make all three at once?

Off-spec is a speciality here, not an afterthought. On what usually happens: a parcel misses one number, the buyer walks, and the seller calls everyone at once, which tells the market the cargo is in trouble and takes the price down further. On what works: establish exactly which parameter failed and by how much, find out whether it can be blended, treated or sold to a buyer with a different limit, and approach a short list quietly.

Answered on this page

• How quickly can you place an off-spec cargo?
• What happens to off-spec biodiesel?
• Do you buy distressed cargo yourselves?
• Should I keep the retained samples?

A cargo claim is a commercial problem before it is a legal one. On what usually happens: discharge analysis disagrees with load, both sides dig in, and the parcel sits accruing demurrage while lawyers are appointed. On what actually settles it: the sealed samples taken jointly at load, the test method named in the contract, and an umpire laboratory agreed while everyone was still friendly. Send us the two analyses and the contract and you will get an honest read on where you stand.

Answered on this page

• How long do I have to bring a quality claim?
• The buyer says the cargo is off-spec. What do I do first?
• Can you help if we did not broker the cargo?
• When should I stop negotiating and get a lawyer?

We broker plastic pyrolysis oil (PPO) into crackers, refiners and purifiers. On what decides it: chlorine, first and last. A cracker works to single-digit ppm and untreated oil from mixed plastic waste often arrives at hundreds or thousands. Everything between those two numbers is the deal. Silicon is the one people forget, and it is usually missing from the analysis rather than out of range. On fractions, we are buying light and middle for our clients. If you cannot reach cracker grade, that is not the end of it: there is a purification step in between, and it is a different buyer with a different specification.

Answered on this page

• How much oil do I get from a tonne of plastic?
• What is the calorific value of plastic pyrolysis oil?
• How is plastic pyrolysis oil priced?
• What tests should I run on plastic pyrolysis oil?

We broker tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO), including heavy fraction and non-distilled material, which is where a lot of the real trade sits. On outlets: the aromatic content that rules TPO out of a steam cracker is exactly what a carbon black producer wants, so being turned down by one does not mean being turned down by the market. On specification, sulphur and chlorine lead, with water and sediment close behind. Tell us the fraction, the assay and the monthly volume, and we will tell you which of the two routes you are actually in.

Answered on this page

• What is the difference between tyre pyrolysis oil and plastic pyrolysis oil?
• Which tyre pyrolysis oil fractions are you looking for?
• What is non-distilled TPO?
• Why do carbon black producers want the heavy fraction?

HVO is a hydrocarbon, not an ester: which is why it behaves so differently from FAME and why the conversation moves so quickly past the specification. Made by hydrotreating vegetable oils, waste oils and fats, it is specified under EN 15940 for paraffinic diesel, and HVO100 can be used neat in approved applications. We broker it between producers, majors, distributors and large fleet users. What is actually being traded is the feedstock and the certificate: two identical litres of EN 15940 fuel can be worth materially different money depending on what they were made from and what the buyer can count.

Answered on this page

• What is the difference between HVO and biodiesel?
• Does HVO perform better in cold weather?
• How long does HVO keep in storage?
• What contaminant limits does an HVO producer apply?

We broker SAF and its feedstocks. On the specification: ASTM D7566 governs, organised as annexes per production pathway with a blend limit for each, and once correctly blended the fuel is treated as meeting ASTM D1655. On the commercial side, this is a mandate-driven market rather than a price-driven one, which changes who you should be talking to and when. Happy to look at where your material fits if it is useful.

Answered on this page

• What feedstock can actually be used to make SAF today?
• Why is SAF capped at 50 % blending?
• How much SAF does Europe actually have to buy?
• Is SAF the same as HVO?

Bionaphtha is the light co-product of hydrotreating fats and oils into HVO and SAF, and it has two possible homes with very different economics. Into a steam cracker it becomes certified renewable feedstock for bio-based polymers, and the premium comes from the claim a brand owner can make downstream. Into gasoline blending it is a good blend component and prices much closer to fossil naphtha. We broker it between producers and both sets of buyers, and which route is open depends almost entirely on the certification.

Answered on this page

• What is bio-naphtha used for?
• Is bio-naphtha the same as renewable naphtha?
• What does a cracker screen bio-naphtha on?
• What is bionaphtha?

Annex IX is where the value sits, and where most of the arguments start. On Part A: double counting where a member state allows it, which is why the letter your feedstock sits under matters more than the tonne. On Part B: UCO and animal fats, capped in most member states. On what we see go wrong, it is almost never the material and almost always the documentation behind the claim. Send us the certification chain and we will tell you whether it holds.

Answered on this page

• What is the difference between Annex IX Part A and Part B?
• Is crude glycerine an Annex IX feedstock?
• Which part is POME in?
• Is category 3 animal fat in Annex IX?

Recycled carbon fuels are liquid or gaseous fuels made from waste or exhaust gas of non-renewable origin, where the waste is no longer suitable for material recycling. In practice that means non-recyclable plastic waste and unavoidable industrial waste gases, usually converted by pyrolysis or gasification. The critical point, and the one that catches people out: an RCF is not a renewable fuel. It sits outside Annex IX entirely and is accounted for under its own rules, with a 70 % greenhouse gas saving threshold set by Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/1185.

Answered on this page

• What is the difference between a recycled carbon fuel and a biofuel?
• Does the 70 percent threshold for recycled carbon fuels mean the same as the 70 percent for low carbon fuels?
• Is pyrolysis oil from plastic a recycled carbon fuel?
• What is a recycled carbon fuel?

We broker crude, technical and refined glycerine between biodiesel producers and the refiners, oleochemical plants and biogas operators who take it. On what decides the price: five numbers, and an offer without them is an enquiry rather than an offer. Glycerol content, water, ash, MONG and residual methanol. On the paperwork, crude glycerine sits in Annex IX Part A, which a surprising number of producers still treat as a disposal problem.

Answered on this page

• What is MONG in glycerine and why does everyone ask about it?
• What should be on a crude glycerine offer?
• Is crude glycerine an Annex IX feedstock?
• What is MONG in a glycerine specification?

Fusel oil is the higher-alcohol fraction separated during ethanol distillation, made up mainly of amyl alcohols with smaller amounts of propanol, butanol and isobutanol. Volumes are meaningful wherever fuel ethanol is made at scale, and it is one of those co-products that gets sold cheaply because the producer treats it as a distillation nuisance rather than a chemical feedstock. We place it into mineral processing, solvent and chemical outlets, and we have people close to the Brazilian production base.

Answered on this page

• What should a fusel oil offer contain?
• Why does the water content of fusel oil matter so much?
• What is fusel oil?
• What is fusel oil used for?

We help counterparties find tank storage, using terminal contacts built over years. On when it matters: storage is usually the thing holding a deal up rather than price, and a seller who can name a tank is in a different conversation from one who cannot. On freight, we arrange flexitanks, isotanks and containers through forwarding partners and we make the introduction rather than marking up their invoice, so you see the quote they gave.

Answered on this page

• Do I need heated storage for my cargo?
• What goes wrong most often in the logistics of these products?
• Do you mark up freight?
• Can you find tank storage for us?

Co-processing is a refinery running bio feedstock through its existing units alongside crude oil. The renewable and fossil molecules come out inseparably mixed, so the renewable share is established by mass balance accounting rather than by physical segregation. For aviation this route is limited: ASTM D1655 Annex A1 permits co-processing at up to 5 %, well below the 50 % blending limit available to HEFA-SPK produced as a standalone fuel. The attraction is that co-processing needs no new plant, so it delivers renewable volume from existing refineries.

Answered on this page

• How can anyone tell a co-processed fuel apart from fossil fuel?
• Is a co-processed fuel worth the same as HVO?
• What is co-processing?
• What is the co-processing limit for jet fuel?

We broker fish oil and marine fats from fish processing residues into fuel and oleochemical outlets. The parameter that decides everything is the iodine value: fish oil is far more unsaturated than other feedstocks, which usually rules out FAME and points the material at hydrotreatment. The largest export origin is South East Asia, where pangasius processing in the Mekong Delta produces fat as a by-product at scale; Peru and Chile supply anchovy-derived oil, and northern Europe supplies herring and whitefish streams. We never take title.

Answered on this page

• Can fish oil be used to make biodiesel?
• Is fish oil an Annex IX feedstock?
• What iodine value does fish oil have?
• Where does fish oil for biofuel come from?

We broker crude tall oil (CTO) from kraft pulping into fuel and oleochemical outlets. On what sets the value: the split between fatty acids and rosin acids, plus the unsaponifiables, and none of it is negotiable because the wood and the mill decide it. On where it goes, the chemical market can often pay more for rosin rich material than the fuel market will, so if you are being offered CTO at a fuel price it is worth asking what the rosin content is first.

Answered on this page

• What determines the value of a crude tall oil parcel?
• Is crude tall oil an Annex IX feedstock?
• What is crude tall oil?
• Is crude tall oil an Annex IX feedstock?

CNSL is the dark, viscous phenolic liquid held in the cashew nut shell, and it is one of the few genuinely large-volume natural sources of long-chain phenols: anacardic acid, cardanol and cardol. That chemistry is why it is bought by resin, coatings and friction material manufacturers rather than purely as an energy product. We broker technical, acid and distilled grades out of Vietnam and Africa, which are the two origins we actually work.

Answered on this page

• Can CNSL be used as a marine or bunker fuel?
• Why do some receivers refuse CNSL in a bunker blend?
• Is CNSL sustainable as a fuel feedstock?
• What is CNSL?

Acid oils are the concentrated fatty acid streams that come out of vegetable oil refining, and esterified acid oils are those streams upgraded by esterification into material a biodiesel plant can actually run. Two things govern the trade. Commercially, total fatty acid is the pricing basis, not tonnage: you are buying the usable fraction, not the drum. Regulatory, the origin of the parent oil decides the Annex IX position and therefore much of the value.

Answered on this page

• What is TFM and why do buyers ask for it?
• Should I quote TFM as well as FFA?
• Does esterification clean up an acid oil?
• What should I ask for when buying esterified acid oil?

This trade is inherently cross-border. Feedstock is collected where people live and eat, processed where there is capacity, and consumed where there is a mandate, and those are rarely the same place. We work on pyrolysis oil projects and feedstock flows across Europe, the Middle East, Asia and the Americas, with team members in the Netherlands, Brazil, Scotland, England and the Czech Republic, and counterparty relationships considerably wider than that.

Answered on this page

• Which countries do you work with?
• Do you handle the export documentation?
• What is the most common reason a cross-border deal fails?
• Do you speak the language of my market?

We do more than introduce buyers and sellers: we also supply additives and blending chemicals, and it is a real part of what we do rather than a sideline. Cold flow additives such as pour point depressants and CFPP improvers, process chemicals such as potassium hydroxide and methanol, and the two alkoxide catalysts that actually run a biodiesel plant, KM32 and NM30. Where useful we pair that with the theoretical blend calculation and a hand blend tested at a partner laboratory, so the additive is chosen against a measured result rather than a datasheet.

Answered on this page

• Do you supply fuel additives as well as broker cargo?
• What is a PPD, in plain language?
• How do I stop diesel from waxing or flocculating?
• Can an additive save an off-spec cargo?

We introduce you to a certification body and stay involved through the audit, rather than handing you over at the door. On the two schemes: ISCC EU is for the Renewable Energy Directive, ISCC PLUS for circular and bio-based materials, and picking the wrong one costs you the audit. On what fails an audit in practice, it is almost never the sustainability criteria. It is the mass balance bookkeeping, a certificate whose scope does not cover the product or the activity, and a missing self declaration at the point of origin. What we cannot do is issue certificates ourselves, and neither can any broker.

Answered on this page

• How long does ISCC certification take?
• What happens if the audit finds problems?
• Who actually issues the certificate, ISCC?
• How much work is it internally?

Let us be straight: REACH is not our core business. We are a commodity brokerage, not a regulatory consultancy. But REACH decides whether some of what we broker can legally be placed on the EU market, and the question gets asked far too late far too often. Three points cover most situations: waste is outside REACH until end-of-waste; Annex V exempts a list that includes vegetable and animal fats and oils, many fatty acids and glycerol; and pyrolysis oil, as a UVCB, generally is not exempt.

Answered on this page

• Does REACH apply to waste?
• Does pyrolysis oil need REACH registration?
• Is used cooking oil exempt from REACH?
• Is glycerine exempt from REACH registration?

Most demand in these markets is created by law, not by preference. ReFuelEU Aviation obliges fuel suppliers at EU airports to blend 2 % SAF from 2025, 6 % by 2030, 20 % by 2035 and 70 % by 2050, with a separate e-fuel sub-mandate of 1.2 % by 2030. PPWR sets minimum recycled content in packaging from 2030. On the supply side the rules narrow rather than widen: under Regulation (EU) 2024/1157 the EU bans exports of non-hazardous plastic waste to non-OECD countries from 21 November 2026. Demand is legislated up; the pool of legal origins is legislated down.

Answered on this page

• What is the SAF mandate in Europe and when does it step up?
• When does the EU ban plastic waste exports?
• Does the export ban stop me importing feedstock into Europe?
• Which countries can supply used cooking oil to Europe?

We give straight market reads and we do not publish price data. On why: the numbers that matter are assessed by agencies under licence, and republishing them would be both wrong and quickly worthless. On what we can do instead, we tell you how a product is actually quoted, what moves it, and why two quotes for the same material are often not comparable at all. Ask us where something is clearing and you get a read, not a number scraped from somewhere.

Answered on this page

• What is the price of UCO CIF Rotterdam today?
• Why is UCO FOB China sometimes higher than CIF Rotterdam?
• Is there a benchmark price for pyrolysis oil?
• How should I compare two offers from different origins?

We work from the Netherlands with our own brokers in the United Kingdom, Brazil and the Czech Republic, which is why we can open conversations in Portuguese, French, Polish, Czech and Russian as well as English and Dutch. On what that is worth in practice: a producer in Latin America or central Europe reaches a European buyer far faster through someone who speaks the language and knows the certification route than through a translated e-mail.

Answered on this page

• Do you work outside Europe?
• What language do contracts use in this trade?
• What is the first thing that stops a cross-border deal?
• Do trade measures affect what I can sell into Europe?

Do not start by calling oil traders. Almost everyone does, and it is why so many first cargoes go nowhere. What works is four steps in order: prove exactly what your oil is, settle whether it is legally a waste or a product, get certified if you want the premium, and only then approach the buyers whose plant can actually run it. Skip one and you will be asked for it later anyway, usually by the buyer you most wanted to keep. Happy to look at where you are in that sequence if it is useful.

Answered on this page

• How many samples does a serious buyer want before contracting?
• How long does qualification take?
• I want to sell pyrolysis oil in Europe. Who can help?
• Who buys pyrolysis oil in Europe?

Read this first: this is a market map built from public sources, not a client list. Naming a company here says nothing about whether we work with them, and we do not claim to represent any of them. This is a market map, built from what each company has published about its own activity, because "who actually buys pyrolysis oil" is the question we are asked most and there is no honest public answer to it. Knowing who has capacity tells you what specification the market wants, and that is worth more than a list of phone numbers.

Answered on this page

• My pyrolysis oil is not clean enough for a cracker. Is that the end of it?
• Which new pyrolysis capacity is being built in Europe?
• Does ExxonMobil buy pyrolysis oil?
• Who buys pyrolysis oil in Europe?

We cannot issue a safety data sheet under our own name, and you should be wary of any broker who offers to. Under REACH the duty to supply an SDS falls on the supplier, defined as the manufacturer, importer, downstream user or distributor placing the substance on the market. We are a broker: we never take title and we never place product on the market, so we are not the supplier. Section 1.3 of an SDS has to identify the actual supplier and the competent person behind it. Putting our name there would point a reader at the wrong party in an emergency, which is the one thing the document exists to prevent. What we do instead is make sure the producer's SDS is current, complete and in the right language before it reaches a buyer.

Answered on this page

• Can a broker issue a safety data sheet?
• Which sections of a safety data sheet go missing most often?
• What documents does a European buyer ask for before the first cargo?
• Can you provide an MSDS or SDS for the product?

Every number on an assay answers one commercial question. Iodine value tells you how unsaturated a fat is, which decides whether it stays liquid and whether it can legally become FAME: coconut sits around 6 to 11, palm around 50 to 55, rapeseed around 110, sunflower and soybean around 125, and fish oil well above that. FFA tells you how the material was handled. MIU tells you what you are paying for that is not product. Titre tells you whether it will solidify in your tank. This page explains each one, with typical values side by side.

Answered on this page

• What is iodine value and what does it tell you?
• What is the iodine value of palm oil?
• Why is coconut oil solid at room temperature?
• Why can sunflower or soybean oil not simply be made into European biodiesel?

The single most expensive mistake in this trade is agreeing a number without agreeing the method. Chlorine measured by combustion ion chromatography and chlorine measured by a field kit are not the same measurement, and a cargo can pass one and fail the other without anything changing in the tank. Name the method, name the laboratory, and agree in advance who pays for the umpire analysis. Everything below is orientation on which method is normally named for which parameter; the contract governs.

Answered on this page

• How is chlorine measured in pyrolysis oil?
• Is there an ASTM standard for plastic pyrolysis oil?
• What standard does HVO have to meet?
• Which ASTM standard covers SAF?

This page is a blank structure, not a filled in safety data sheet, and not one for any product. A real SDS can only be issued by the supplier: the manufacturer, importer, downstream user or distributor who places the material on the market. We are a broker and never take title, so we are not that party and neither is any other broker. What we can do is show you the shape the document has to have, so you can see at a glance whether the one in your inbox is complete. The format below follows Annex II of REACH as replaced by Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/878, mandatory for every safety data sheet circulating in the EU since 1 January 2023.

Answered on this page

• What regulation sets out the 16 sections?
• Can I use your specimen as my own safety data sheet?
• Who has to provide the safety data sheet in a brokered trade?
• Can I download a blank SDS template?

We link to the official source rather than hosting copies, and you should be suspicious of sites that do the opposite. Scheme documents are updated, sometimes several times a year, and a downloaded copy sitting on a third party website goes stale silently. Someone then files last year's form and finds out at audit. On top of that these are the schemes' own copyrighted documents, and several of the mandatory templates sit in a members' area precisely because they are controlled. So: links to the current version, plus our own explanation of which document does what, which is the part that is genuinely hard to find.

Answered on this page

• What exactly is a Proof of Sustainability?
• What greenhouse gas saving does a biofuel have to show?
• Where do I get the actual PoS template?
• Where can I download an ISCC sustainability declaration template?

You delivered, and the money stopped. Usually the buyer says the quality is off, or a document is wrong, or they simply go quiet. Meanwhile demurrage runs, the cargo sits, and both sides start talking to lawyers who are paid by the hour to disagree. On what we do: we are brought in by sellers AND by buyers to get a stalled trade moving again, including trades we never brokered. We are not lawyers and this is not arbitration. We are commercial people who know what the cargo is actually worth, what the paperwork should say, and what each side can realistically accept. On the clock, which is the part most people miss: you may already be running against a deadline.

Answered on this page

• Are you a member of a trade association?
• I delivered the cargo and the buyer will not pay. What do I do first?
• Can you help if you were not the broker on the trade?
• Is this arbitration or legal advice?