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Vegetable oils

Vegetable and technical oil brokerage

Crude, refined and technical-grade oils, plus the side streams the food chain does not want, acid oils, soapstock, PFAD and distillers corn oil, into oleochemical and energy outlets.

We broker vegetable and technical oils, with the emphasis on grades that sit outside the food chain: technical and non-food grades, acid oils, soapstock, PFAD, palm acid oil and distillers corn oil, alongside crude and refined palm, soy, rape, sunflower and corn oil. Most of what we place is heading into an oleochemical, feed or energy outlet rather than a food one, which changes the specification that matters and the buyer that pays best.

Where it comes from and where it goes
  1. 1Collection or rendering
  2. 2Pretreatment
  3. 3Certified trade
  4. 4Producer: HVO, SAF or FAME
  5. 5Fuel in the tank

The value is created at step three: without the certification the same molecule is worth what tallow was worth twenty years ago.

What we work with

  • Crude and refined oils: CPO, CPKO, RBD palm oil and olein, soybean, rapeseed/canola, sunflower and corn oil.
  • Technical and non-food grades: oils that are off-spec for food use, or produced deliberately for industrial and energy outlets.
  • Acid oils and soapstock: from chemical and physical refining, priced on total fatty acid content rather than on volume.
  • PFAD and palm acid oil (PAO): palm fatty acid distillate and the acid oil fraction; both with feedstock-status questions worth settling early.
  • Distillers corn oil (DCO): from bioethanol production, a significant and growing biodiesel feedstock.
  • Used and recovered vegetable oils: where these fall under waste rules, see used cooking oil instead.

The cap that decides what a vegetable oil is worth in fuel

For food and industrial buyers a vegetable oil is priced on quality. For a fuel buyer it is priced on quality and on which regulatory bucket it falls into, and the second one can be worth more than the first. Getting this wrong is the most expensive mistake on this page.

How the same litre of oil is treated depending on origin and route. The percentages are shares of transport energy under the Renewable Energy Directive.
CategoryTreatment in EU transport fuelWhat it means commercially
Food and feed crop oils (rape, soy, sunflower, palm)Capped at 7 % of transport energy, and capped at the member state's 2020 share plus one pointThe cap is the binding constraint, not demand. Volume above it has no mandate value
High ILUC-risk palm oilFrozen at 2019 levels and phasing down to zero by 2030A term position built on it has a known end date
Certified low ILUC-risk materialExempt from the phase-down, but still inside the 7 % capThe certification buys you time, not headroom. Without it the exemption does not exist
Used cooking oil and waste-derived oilsAnnex IX Part B, separate 1.7 % capA different market with different economics. See used cooking oil
Technical and off-spec oils not fit for foodDepends entirely on the waste classification and the receiving permitSettle this before pricing. See Annex IX feedstocks

A crop oil and a waste oil are not competitors, they are different products with different ceilings. Sellers who move between the two without changing their price expectation are usually the ones who end up disappointed, and it is rarely the buyer's fault.

On the physical side the screening is conventional and quick: FFA, moisture and impurities, peroxide value, colour, and for anything heading to a hydrotreater, phosphorus and metals. What takes the time is never the assay. It is proving where the oil came from.

Technical corn oil, and why it is quoted on its own parameters

Technical corn oil, TCO, and distillers corn oil, DCO, are the same stream under two names. It is the corn oil recovered from the stillage in dry mill bioethanol production: a non-food co-product, not a refined food oil that has been downgraded. Sellers in the Americas usually write TCO, European buyers often write DCO, and offers get missed because the two sides search for different words.

It is quoted on its own parameter set rather than on a generic vegetable oil sheet, and two of those parameters are specific to this stream. Ask for all of them before you price anything.

What a technical corn oil buyer asks for, with the method that normally sits next to it. The limits themselves are set by the buyer and belong in the contract, not on a website: what matters here is that a sheet arriving without these lines is incomplete.
ParameterUsual methodWhy it is asked
Free fatty acidISO 660The main quality and price driver, and the first thing a pretreatment operator looks at.
Moisture and volatile matterISO 662Drives pretreatment cost and settlement weight.
SedimentISO 15301Carry-over from the stillage. Higher here than most buyers expect from an oil.
Iodine valueAOCS Cd 1c-85Corn oil is highly unsaturated, which shows up downstream in cold flow behaviour.
WaxesBy agreementSpecific to this stream. Waxes cloud and drop out at low temperature and they are a plant question, not a storage question.
SulphurBy agreementDecides whether a hydrotreater can take it without extra treatment.
PhosphorusAOCS Ca 12-55Catalyst poison. Usually asked alongside sulphur rather than instead of it.
AflatoxinAOAC 2013.05A grain question that follows the oil. It is asked on corn streams and not on most others, and a seller who has never been asked for it has probably not sold into a regulated feed or food adjacent outlet.

Waxes and aflatoxin are the two that catch people out. Neither appears on a standard vegetable oil sheet, both are routinely asked for on corn streams, and a seller who cannot produce them is looking at a delay rather than a rejection. Get them measured before you offer.

On classification, TCO has a favourable position in several renewable fuel regimes because it is a genuine co-product rather than a crop oil, and that position is exactly what a buyer will want documented. Our Annex IX feedstocks page sets out how the categories work, and which feedstock makes which fuel covers where the stream ends up.

The specification that decides the outlet

The same tank of oil can be worth very different money depending on which outlet can take it, and the deciding parameters are usually the first four below. Free fatty acid content in particular is not a quality footnote, it determines whether the oil goes to refining, to oleochemicals or straight to an energy outlet.

Standard analysis for a vegetable or technical oil offer.
FFA (free fatty acid)As a percentage, stated as which acid. The primary value driver for anything off-food-grade.
Moisture and impurities (M&I)Combined and separately; drives refining loss and settlement weight.
Total fatty acid (TFA)Essential for acid oils and soapstock, where it is the pricing basis.
Iodine value (IV)Degree of unsaturation; affects oxidative stability and cold-flow downstream.
ColourLovibond, on a stated cell length.
Peroxide value / anisidineOxidation history and storage condition.
Phosphorus and gumsRefining behaviour and catalyst impact downstream.
SulphurCritical where the oil is heading for hydrotreatment into HVO.
Unsaponifiable matterCeiling on usable yield.
Melting point / titre / cloud pointHandling, heated storage and which tanks can take it.
MOSH/MOAH, PAH, pesticidesWhere feed or food-adjacent outlets are in play; also dioxins for feed.
Origin and certificationISCC, RSPO or none, decides eligibility and price band, not just paperwork.

EUDR: the date that now governs palm and soy

The EU Deforestation Regulation applies to palm oil, soy, cattle, coffee, cocoa, rubber and wood and their derived products. After two postponements the application date now sits at 30 December 2026 for large operators and traders, and 30 June 2027 for micro and small operators.

Two points matter commercially. First, the due diligence obligation falls primarily on whoever first places the relevant product on the EU market, not on everyone downstream, which concentrates the burden and the risk. Second, geolocation data for the plot of production is the practical bottleneck: it either exists in the chain or it does not, and it cannot be created retrospectively. If you are contracting palm or soy for delivery into 2027, settle the EUDR position at contract stage.

The rules have been amended more than once and are still being simplified. Verify the current position against the Official Journal before relying on any summary, including this one.

Contracts, quality and how cargo actually moves

Most bulk vegetable oil business in Europe contracts on FOSFA terms, with the relevant contract form depending on origin, oil and shipment basis. Quality and condition are established by independent superintendents at load and discharge, with sealed retained samples held by both sides, and those retained samples are the single most useful thing anyone can have if a quality dispute arises later.

Movement is by parcel tanker for bulk, flexitank or ISO tank for smaller lots, and drums or IBCs for specialty grades. Heated storage requirements and previous-cargo restrictions narrow the tank and vessel list quickly, so they belong in the first conversation rather than the fixture note.

Where a parcel arrives out of specification, speed decides the loss. See off-spec and distressed cargoes.

Frequently asked questions

Why is my vegetable oil worth less in fuel than I expected?

Almost always because of the cap rather than the quality. Food and feed crop oils are limited to 7 % of transport energy under the Renewable Energy Directive, and further capped at the member state's 2020 share plus one percentage point. Volume above the cap has no mandate value. The oil is fine; the bucket is full.

Can palm oil still be sold into European fuel?

High ILUC-risk palm oil is frozen at 2019 levels and phases down to zero by 2030, so a term position built on it has a known end date. Material certified as low ILUC-risk is exempt from the phase-down, but it still sits inside the 7 % cap. The certification buys you time, not headroom.

What is EUDR and does it affect my oil?

The EU Deforestation Regulation requires proof that certain commodities, palm and soy among them, did not come from land deforested after the cut-off date, with geolocation data for the plots. If your oil is in scope, that evidence has to exist before a European buyer can place it, and assembling it after the fact is much harder than collecting it as you go.

What do buyers screen vegetable oil on?

FFA, moisture and impurities, peroxide value and colour as standard. For anything going to a hydrotreater, add phosphorus and metals, because those govern catalyst life rather than product quality. See parameters explained. The assay is rarely what takes the time; proving where the oil came from is.

What is the difference between acid oil, soapstock and PFAD?

Soapstock is the alkaline by-product of chemical refining. Acid oil is what you get when soapstock is acidulated, concentrating the fatty acids. PFAD, palm fatty acid distillate, comes from the physical refining of palm oil and is a distillate rather than an acidulation product. All three price on total fatty acid content rather than on tonnage, and all three carry their own questions about feedstock status under EU renewable fuel rules.

When does EUDR apply to palm and soy oil?

From 30 December 2026 for large operators and traders, and 30 June 2027 for micro and small operators, following the postponement agreed in December 2025. The due diligence obligation sits primarily with whoever first places the product on the EU market. The practical bottleneck is plot-level geolocation data, which has to exist in the chain already. Verify against the current Official Journal text before contracting.

Do you broker food-grade vegetable oils?

We can, but the majority of what we place is technical grade, non-food grade or a refining side stream heading into oleochemical, feed or energy outlets. That is where our buyer network is genuinely strong. If you have food-grade oil to place we will say plainly whether we are the right broker for it.

What is distillers corn oil and why is it in demand?

DCO is the corn oil extracted from the stillage in dry-mill bioethanol production. It is a non-food co-product with a favourable feedstock classification in several renewable fuel regimes, which makes it attractive to biodiesel and renewable diesel producers. Sulphur, moisture and FFA are the parameters buyers screen on, particularly where the oil is going into hydrotreatment.

Which contract terms do you work on?

FOSFA forms are standard for bulk vegetable oil in Europe, with the specific form depending on origin, oil and shipment basis. Quality and condition are settled by independent superintendents at load and discharge with sealed retained samples on both sides. Our own General Terms & Conditions govern the brokerage itself, not the underlying sale contract; they are linked from the footer of every page on this site.

Can you handle small parcels?

Yes. Flexitank and ISO tank lots of roughly 20 to 25 tonnes are routine, and drums or IBCs work for specialty and technical grades. Below about a full container, freight usually dominates the economics, and we will say so rather than let you find out at the quoting stage.

Market news

The most recent headlines touching this market, followed by wider news from across the feedstock and renewable fuel sector. The links go to the publisher; we do not host or edit their reporting, and a headline here is not our endorsement of it. Scroll for more.

18 headlines, updated automatically. Last refreshed .

Sources and further reading

Primary sources for the rules and figures on this page, so you can check them yourself. Legislation is amended: always read the consolidated text on the date that matters to you.

Who to ask about Vegetable & technical oils

Just ask. Have oil to place or a technical-grade requirement? Send the FFA, moisture and colour and we will tell you where it fits. You get Bart van den Brug on the other end, same working day, in English or Dutch, and across the team also in French, Portuguese, Polish, Czech and Russian.

On how we work: on the feedstocks and fuels on this site we are a broker. We never take title, we do not trade our own book, and we are paid a commission on business that concludes. Additives are the one exception: those we also buy and sell for our own account, and we say in which capacity we are acting before you commit to anything. Either way you will hear it from us when the answer is no, or when your parcel is not ready for the conversation you want to have. A market read or a second opinion on a specification costs nothing and commits you to nothing.

Happy to look at whatever you have, even if it is half an analysis and a question.

+31 6 115 83 448
bart@sustainablecommodities.eu
Sustainable Commodities 3 B.V., Lemmer, the Netherlands

Ask about Vegetable & technical oils

Specification, volume, location and certification are enough to start.

Or e-mail us directly: bart@sustainablecommodities.eu

Last reviewed 08 September 2026. Regulatory references are given for orientation and are not legal advice: verify against the current Official Journal text before contracting.